Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Forces

It is difficult to determine the actual size and composition of India’s and Pakistan’s nuclear arsenals, but NRDC estimates that both countries have a total of 50 to 75 weapons. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we believe India has about 30 to 35 nuclear warheads, slightly fewer than Pakistan, which may have as many as 48.

Both countries have fission weapons, similar to the early designs developed by the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s. NRDC estimates their explosive yields are 5 to 25 kilotons (1 kiloton is equivalent to 1,000 tons of TNT). By comparison, the yield of the weapon the United States exploded over Hiroshima was 15 kilotons, while the bomb exploded over Nagasaki was 21 kilotons. According to a recent NRDC discussion with a senior Pakistani military official, Pakistan’s main nuclear weapons are mounted on missiles. India’s nuclear weapons are reportedly gravity bombs deployed on fighter aircraft.

NRDC’s Nuclear Program initially developed the software used to calculate the consequences of a South Asian nuclear war to examine and analyze the U.S. nuclear war planning process. We combined Department of Energy and Department of Defense computer codes with meteorological and demographic data to model what would happen in various kinds of attacks using different types of weapons. Our June 2001 report, “The U.S. Nuclear War Plan: A Time for Change,”

Scenario: 10 Bombs on 10 South Asian Cities

For our first scenario we used casualty data from the Hiroshima bomb to estimate what would happen if bombs exploded over 10 large South Asian cities: five in India and five in Pakistan. (The results were published in “The Risks and Consequences of Nuclear War in South Asia,” by NRDC physicist Matthew McKinzie and Princeton scientists Zia Mian, A. H. Nayyar and M. V. Ramana, a chapter in Smitu Kothari and Zia Mian (editors), “Out of the Nuclear Shadow” (Dehli: Lokayan and Rainbow Publishers, 2001).)

The 15-kiloton yield of the Hiroshima weapon is approximately the size of the weapons now in the Indian and Pakistani nuclear arsenals. The deaths and severe injuries experienced at Hiroshima were mainly a function of how far people were from ground zero. Other factors included whether people were in buildings or outdoors, the structural characteristics of the buildings themselves, and the age and health of the victims at the time of the attack. The closer to ground zero, the higher fatality rate. Further away there were fewer fatalities and larger numbers of injuries. The table below summarizes the first nuclear war scenario by superimposing the Hiroshima data onto five Indian and five Pakistan cities with densely concentrated populations.

As in the case of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in this scenario the 10 bombs over Indian and Pakistani cities would be exploded in the air, which maximized blast damage and fire but creates no fallout. On August 6, 1945, the United States exploded an untested uranium-235 gun-assembly bomb, nicknamed “Little Boy,” 1,900 feet above Hiroshima. The city was home to an estimated 350,000 people; about 140,000 died by the end of the year. Three days later, at 11:02 am, the United States exploded a plutonium implosion bomb nicknamed “Fat Man” 1,650 feet above Nagasaki. About 70,000 of the estimated 270,000 residents died by the end of the year.

Ten Hiroshima-size explosions over 10 major cities in India and Pakistan would kill as many as three to four times more people per bomb than in Japan because of the higher urban densities in Indian and Pakistani cities.

Scenario: 24 Ground Bursts

In January, NRDC calculated the consequences of a much more severe nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan. It first appeared as a sidebar in the January 14, 2002, issue of Newsweek (“A Face-Off with Nuclear Stakes”). This scenario calculated the consequences of 24 nuclear explosions detonated on the ground — unlike the Hiroshima airburst — resulting in significant amounts of lethal radioactive fallout.

Exploding a nuclear bomb above the ground does not produce fallout. For example, the United States detonated “Little Boy” weapon above Hiroshima at an altitude of 1,900 feet. At this height, the radioactive particles produced in the explosion were small and light enough to rise into the upper atmosphere, where they were carried by the prevailing winds. Days to weeks later, after the radioactive bomb debris became less “hot,” these tiny particles descended to earth as a measurable radioactive residue, but not at levels of contamination that would cause immediate radiation sickness or death.

Unfortunately, it is easier to fuse a nuclear weapon to detonate on impact than it is to detonate it in the air — and that means fallout. If the nuclear explosion takes place at or near the surface of the earth, the nuclear fireball would gouge out material and mix it with the radioactive bomb debris, producing heavier radioactive particles. These heavier particles would begin to drift back to earth within minutes or hours after the explosion, producing potentially lethal levels of nuclear fallout out to tens or hundreds of kilometers from the ground zero. The precise levels depend on the explosive yield of the weapon and the prevailing winds.

For the second scenario, we calculated the fallout patterns and casualties for a hypothetical nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan in which each country targeted major cities. We chose target cities throughout Pakistan and in northwestern India to take into account the limited range of Pakistani missiles or aircraft. The target cities, listed in the table below, include the capitals of Islamabad and New Dehli, and large cities, such as Karachi and Bombay. In this scenario, we assumed that a dozen, 25-kiloton warheads would be detonated as ground bursts in Pakistan and another dozen in India, producing substantial fallout.

The devastation that would result from fallout would exceed that of blast and fire. NRDC’s second scenario would produce far more horrific results than the first scenario because there would be more weapons, higher yields, and extensive fallout. In some large cities, we assumed more than one bomb would be used.

NRDC calculated that 22.1 million people in India and Pakistan would be exposed to lethal radiation doses of 600 rem or more in the first two days after the attack. Another 8 million people would receive a radiation dose of 100 to 600 rem, causing severe radiation sickness and potentially death, especially for the very young, old or infirm. NRDC calculates that as many as 30 million people would be threatened by the fallout from the attack, roughly divided between the two countries.

Besides fallout, blast and fire would cause substantial destruction within roughly a mile-and-a-half of the bomb craters. NRDC estimates that 8.1 million people live within this radius of destruction.

Most Indians (99 percent of the population) and Pakistanis (93 percent of the population) would survive the second scenario. Their respective military forces would be still be intact to continue and even escalate the conflict.

Thinking the Unthinkable

After India and Pakistan held nuclear tests in 1998, experts have debated whether their nuclear weapons contribute to stability in South Asia. Experts who argue that the nuclear standoff promotes stability have pointed to the U.S.-Soviet Union Cold War as an example of how deterrence ensures military restraint.

NRDC disagrees. There are major differences between the Cold War and the current South Asian crisis. Unlike the U.S.-Soviet experience, these two countries have a deep-seated hatred of one another and have fought three wars since both countries became independent. At least part of the current crisis may be seen as Hindu nationalism versus Muslim fundamentalism.

A second difference is India and Pakistan’s nuclear arsenals are much smaller than those of the United States and Russia. The U.S. and Russian arsenals truly represent the capability to destroy each other’s society beyond recovery. While the two South Asia scenarios we have described produce unimaginable loss of life and destruction, they do not reach the level of “mutual assured destruction” that stood as the ultimate deterrent during the Cold War.

The two South Asian scenarios assume nuclear attacks against cities. During the early Cold War period this was the deterrent strategy of the United States and the Soviet Union. But as both countries introduced technological improvements into their arsenals, they pursued other strategies, targeting each other’s nuclear forces, conventional military forces, industry and leadership. India and Pakistan may include these types of targets in their current military planning. For example, attacking large dams with nuclear weapons could result in massive disruption, economic consequences and casualties. Concentrations of military forces and facilities may provide tempting targets as well.

Azeem Ijaz Khan Is One Of the twinkling star Who have innovate qualities of being Verstile.He has Proved Himself in Various Fields Of Life.Azeem Ijaz Khan, (Urdu: عظیم اعجاز خان) (born January 7, 1991 in Lahore) is a famous English Debater,Urdu Columnist,Essay Writer, drama writer and Article Writer From Pakistan.He received his education in Lahore. He Passed His Matriculation from Cathedral High School #2,Lahore. He Done His Fsc From Punjab College Of Science Lahore. He Was A famous Speaker Of L.D.B.E.And Won Many Competitions For His School.In College He Take Part In CM Punjab English Debate Competition and Won 2nd in District,3rd in Division Round Of The Competition.He Also serves as a head Boy Of His School. Currently he is the Coordinator of Column.com.pk.Azeem Ijaz Khan writes in Teens Club and including the very popular Magazine “Al-Razi”. He has written many columns, translation, criticism and essays.Now A days He is Writing Columns & Research Articles in Column.com.pk to Boast the spirit of Young Youth of our Country.

Memorable Quotes and quotations from Hazrat Ali Ibn-e-Abi Talib

 Man is a wonderful creature, He Sees through layers of Fat(eyes), hears through Bones(ears) and speak from a lump of flesh(tongue)

Do not violate the rights of your friend, because when deprives of his rights and privileges he will not remain your friend.

If you want to cease relation with your friend, then do not break off totally and completely, let your heart retain some consideration of him.

 Be afraid of a gentleman when he is hungry, and of a mean person when his stomach is full. 

Peak of knowledge is friendship and causing offence destroys it.

 Live amongst people in such a manner that if you die they weep over you and if you are alive they crave for your company.

 Unfortunate is he who cannot gain a few sincere friends during his life and more unfortunate is the one who has gained them and then lost them (through his deeds).

 Man is a wonderful creature; he sees through the layers of fat (eyes), hears through a bone (ears) and speaks through a lump of flesh (tongue).

 A wise man first thinks and then speaks and a fool speaks first and then thinks.

If you overpower your enemy, then pardon him by way of thankfulness to Allah, for being able to subdue him.

Be generous but not extravagant, be frugal but not miserly.

The best kind of wealth is to give up inordinate desires.

(Turn Your Face Towards your opponent)”I liked the information that you gave to me because it helped me do a analytical essay for this short story and i give it a 0/10 =)”

Albert Einstein once says and I quote “It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity” Quote Ends

Modern technology is machinery that makes life easier. And more dignified for most of people. The first and the major advantage is that medical science is very progressive and vastly available. Without the needed technology a lot of people would struggle with their health. In addition it saves many innocent lives. The point is to spread it and reach with medicine help to the poor nations of the Third World. Secondly, the advanced technology improves industry by making it more effective and, what is vital today? Safer for environment. Moreover when we look at TV, personal computer, mobile phone or internet for instance is quite obvious that all this inventions have been made in the last 20 years. Thus the speed of improvement is huge and unpredictable.

I feel myself very honored to deliver my feeling in front of this august House and keeping this honor in my mind let me ask you some simple questions

Those who are speaking against this motion can ever feel their lives organized without modern technologies???

Can any army would be able to defend their boarder with their humanity or they need weapons???

Do you realize if it weren’t for Edison we’d be watching TV by candlelight?

I Question you  in a long journey you will travel by car or just  in the mere name of soul & humanity  you travel with any vehicle..

The Answer to All these questions is NO NO NO &No

I am sorry to say that there is too much point to the wisecrack that life is extinct on other planets because of the scientists…Please Come out from your fantasies and try to live in reality

I Quote “The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom. “Quote ends

We should remember that there are some children who are away from their families; it could be because of schooling or their parents working abroad. It is only with the use of our modern technology that they would be able to communicate. We are now in 21st century, and the demand of mass production, it is only with our modern technology that it would be made possible. We are not anymore in the era where Egyptians would still pull stones to make their pyramids. It is with the modern technology that the burdens of employees nowadays are lessened. It will never mean that we are getting lazy for it does not change the fact that you are still working.

In the end I conclude ,The machine does not isolate man from the great problems of nature but plunges him more deeply into them.

(Azeem Ijaz Khan)

Azeem Ijaz Khan Is One Of the twinkling star Who have innovate qualities of being Verstile.He has Proved Himself in Various Fields Of Life.Azeem Ijaz Khan, (Urdu: عظیم اعجاز خان) (born January 7, 1991 in Lahore) is a famous English Debater,Urdu Columnist,Essay Writer, drama writer and Article Writer From Pakistan.He received his education in Lahore. He Passed His Matriculation from Cathedral High School #2,Lahore. He Done His Fsc From Punjab College Of Science Lahore. He Was A famous Speaker Of L.D.B.E.And Won Many Competitions For His School.In College He Take Part In CM Punjab English Debate Competition and Won 2nd in District,3rd in Division Round Of The Competition.He Also serves as a head Boy Of His School. Currently he is the Coordinator of Column.com.pk.Azeem Ijaz Khan writes in Teens Club and including the very popular Magazine “Al-Razi”. He has written many columns, translation, criticism and essays.Now A days He is Writing Columns & Research Articles in Column.com.pk to Boast the spirit of Young Youth of our Country.

Azeem Ijaz Khan (Urdu: عظیم اعجاز خان) (born January 7, 1991 in Lahore)Is One Of the twinkling star Who have innovate qualities of being Verstile.He has Proved Himself in Various Fields Of Life.Azeem Ijaz Khan, is a famous English Debater,Urdu Columnist,Essay Writer, drama writer and Article Writer From Pakistan.He received his education in Lahore. He Passed His Matriculation from Cathedral High School #2,Lahore. He Done His Fsc From Punjab College Of Science Lahore. He Was A famous Speaker Of L.D.B.E.And Won Many Competitions For His School.In College He Take Part In CM Punjab English Debate Competition and Won 2nd in District,3rd in Division Round Of The Competition.He Also serves as a head Boy Of His School.In 2006 he was appointed as President of POLS(Pakistan Oriental Literary Society). Currently he is the Coordinator of Column.com.pk.Azeem Ijaz Khan writes in Teens Club and including the very popular Magazine “Al-Razi”. He has written many columns, translation, criticism and essays.Now A days He is Writing Columns & Research Articles in Column.com.pk to Boast the spirit of Young Youth of our Country.

Azeem Ijaz Khan (Urdu: عظیم اعجاز خان) (born January 7, 1991 in Lahore)Is One Of the twinkling star Who have innovate qualities of being Verstile.He has Proved Himself in Various Fields Of Life.Azeem Ijaz Khan, is a famous English Debater,Urdu Columnist,Essay Writer, drama writer and Article Writer From Pakistan.He received his education in Lahore. He Passed His Matriculation from Cathedral High School #2,Lahore. He Done His Fsc From Punjab College Of Science Lahore. He Was A famous Speaker Of L.D.B.E.And Won Many Competitions For His School.In College He Take Part In CM Punjab English Debate Competition and Won 2nd in District,3rd in Division Round Of The Competition.He Also serves as a head Boy Of His School.In 2006 he was appointed as President of POLS(Pakistan Oriental Literary Society). Currently he is the Coordinator of Column.com.pk.Azeem Ijaz Khan writes in Teens Club and including the very popular Magazine “Al-Razi”. He has written many columns, translation, criticism and essays.Now A days He is Writing Columns & Research Articles in Column.com.pk to Boast the spirit of Young Youth of our Country.

Azeem Ijaz Khan Is One Of the twinkling star Who have innovate qualities of being Verstile.He has Proved Himself in Various Fields Of Life.Azeem Ijaz Khan, (Urdu: عظیم اعجاز خان) (born January 7, 1991 in Lahore) is a famous English Debater,Urdu Columnist,Essay Writer, drama writer and Article Writer From Pakistan.He received his education in Lahore. He Passed His Matriculation from Cathedral High School #2,Lahore. He Done His Fsc From Punjab College Of Science Lahore. He Was A famous Speaker Of L.D.B.E.And Won Many Competitions For His School.In College He Take Part In CM Punjab English Debate Competition and Won 2nd in District,3rd in Division Round Of The Competition.He Also serves as a head Boy Of His School. Currently he is the Coordinator of Column.com.pk.Azeem Ijaz Khan writes in Teens Club and including the very popular Magazine “Al-Razi”. He has written many columns, translation, criticism and essays.Now A days He is Writing Columns & Research Articles in Column.com.pk to Boast the spirit of Young Youth of our Country.

Azeem Ijaz Khan Is One Of the twinkling star Who have innovate qualities of being Verstile.He has Proved Himself in Various Fields Of Life.Azeem Ijaz Khan, (Urdu: عظیم اعجاز خان) (born January 7, 1991 in Lahore) is a famous English Debater,Urdu Columnist,Essay Writer, drama writer and Article Writer From Pakistan.He received his education in Lahore. He Passed His Matriculation from Cathedral High School #2,Lahore. He Done His Fsc From Punjab College Of Science Lahore. He Was A famous Speaker Of L.D.B.E.And Won Many Competitions For His School.In College He Take Part In CM Punjab English Debate Competition and Won 2nd in District,3rd in Division Round Of The Competition.He Also serves as a head Boy Of His School. Currently he is the Coordinator of Column.com.pk.Azeem Ijaz Khan writes in Teens Club and including the very popular Magazine “Al-Razi”. He has written many columns, translation, criticism and essays.Now A days He is Writing Columns & Research Articles in Column.com.pk to Boast the spirit of Young Youth of our Country.

Azeem Ijaz Khan Is One Of the twinkling star Who have innovate qualities of being Verstile.He has Proved Himself in Various Fields Of Life.Azeem Ijaz Khan, (Urdu: عظیم اعجاز خان) (born January 7, 1991 in Lahore) is a famous English Debater,Urdu Columnist,Essay Writer, drama writer and Article Writer From Pakistan.He received his education in Lahore. He Passed His Matriculation from Cathedral High School #2,Lahore. He Done His Fsc From Punjab College Of Science Lahore. He Was A famous Speaker Of L.D.B.E.And Won Many Competitions For His School.In College He Take Part In CM Punjab English Debate Competition and Won 2nd in District,3rd in Division Round Of The Competition.He Also serves as a head Boy Of His School. Currently he is the Coordinator of Column.com.pk.Azeem Ijaz Khan writes in Teens Club and including the very popular Magazine “Al-Razi”. He has written many columns, translation, criticism and essays.Now A days He is Writing Columns & Research Articles in Column.com.pk to Boast the spirit of Young Youth of our Country.